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I. Southwestern Prehistory
A. Hohokam Culture
B. Mogollon Culture
C. Anasazi Culture
II. Relocation and Cultural Mix: Pueblo IV
A. Puyé - Santa Clara example
B. Athabaskan arrivals (Apache, Navajo)
Terms:
Kachina (Katsina)
Kiva
Language groupings:
Uto-Aztecan
Kiowa-Tanoan:
Tewa
Tiwa
TowaKeres
Zuni (Ashiwi)
Shoshonean (Hopi)
Ancestral peoples:
Hohokam
Anasazi
Mogollon (Mimbres)
Ancestral places:
Mesa Verde Cañon de Chelly
Chaco Canyon:
Pueblo Bonito
Puye (ancestral place of Santa Clara Pueblo)
Sipapu
III. Mythic relationships Between Prehistory and Historic Pueblo Culture
1. Mimbres pottery imagery
2. Connection to oral history and stories of Pueblos
I. Pueblo World View - revisited
A. Acoma Origin Myth: interpretations
B. Understanding Pueblo acculturation
II. Spanish exploration and Conquest
1. Previous Entradas and Violence
2. Conquest - Don Juan de Oñate (1598)
Terms:
matirilocal (decent system)
patrilocal decent
bilateral decent
moiety
clan
assimilation
acculturationcompartmentalization
Vasquez de Coronado - first entrada (1540)
Don Juan Oñate - colonization (1598)
Vicente de Zalívar - Acoma rebellion
III. The Pueblo World to the Revolt of 1680
A. Franciscan Missionary Program in the Pueblos
B. Supression of Pueblo government & religion
C. Franciscan struggle with Governors 1640-1660s
D. Pueblo religious revival
E. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680F. Reconquest, Co-existence, and Reversal
1. Role of missions after reconquest
2. Late colonial Spanish growth & changing relations
Terms:
Fray Alonso de Benevides
Encomienda
Repartimiento
Governor Francisco de TrevinoPopé
Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Governor Diego de Vargas
Reconquest (1692-94)
Comanche Peace and Alliance (1786)
repartimiento de effectos (forced distribution of goods on credit)
III. Navaho History and Creation
IV. Discussion #1 (in-class, midterm preparation)
Terms:
Hozho = Overarching principle of harmony and order.
K'e (prefix in spoken Navajo = universal harmony)
Diné:1) diyin kine'i = supernaturals, holy people;
2) nihokaa dine'e = earth surface people, naturals.Ana'i = non-Navajo. Various kinds of non-Navajo.
Navajo Creation Myth:
Nílch'i dine'é = Air-Spirit People
Swallow People / Yellow Grasshopper People
Kiis'áanii = People Who Live in Upright Houses
Haashich'ééh dine'é = Holy People
Talking God
Áltsé hastiin = First Man / Áltsé asdz´q´q = First Woman
Bilagáana = White Man
The Long Walk (1865)
Bosque Redondo (1865-1868)
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A. Case study of Ojibwa cultural formation and development of Midéwiwin
B. Apply to critique of Calvin Martin, Keepers of the Game in class discussion on Tuesday, February 14.
A. Beginning of First French Trade Empire
B. Jesuit Missions Among the Huron
C. Great Lakes religious concepts
A. Collapse of Huronia
B. Interpreting the Iroquois wars
C. Iroquois Covenant of Peace
A. Huron and Algonkian refugees & resistance to Catholicism
B. New inter-band contacts
A. Ritual and actual kinship
B. Forging a new tribal people
Jacques Cartier
Samuel de Champlain
Woodlands/Great Lakes Peoples:
Algonkian (Great Lakes region): Ottawa, Potawatami, Menomenee, Sac and Fox, Kickapoo, Nipissing, Illinois, Maimi, and Anishinabeg: Ojibwe/Chippewa, Omisizaagiing (Mississaugas), Nakawe (Saulteaux), Odaawaa (Odawa/Ottawa), Boodewaadamii (Bodéwadmi/Potawatomi) and Odishkwaagamii (Nipissing and Algonquin).
Iroquoian: 5 later 6 Nations: Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Mowhawk, and Oneida, later added Tuscarora.
Siouan: Winnebago, perhaps early eastern groups as well.
Deganawidah
Manitou
Midéwiwin - Midé
Saulteur Feast of the Dead
Ethnogenesis
Early names:
Noquet, Outchibous, Marameg, Achiligouians, Amicoures, Mississague
Clan names:
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No-kay | Noquet |
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Man-um-aig | Marameg |
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Amik | Amicoures |
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Meg-izzee | Mississague* |
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Bus-in-as-se | Bus-wa-way |
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* Omisizaagiing (Mississaugas), "Those at the Grand-/Great-Outlet",
linked historically to the Eagle Clan.
Achiligouians = Huron
Uj-e-jauk = Ajijaak = Crane
Warren says "Uj-e-jauk" is a phonetic spelling of Ojibwe, and elsewhere he referred Ojibwe to as “Bus-in-as-see, “derived from “Bus-wa-way,” or “echo pertaining to the loud, clear, and far-reaching cry of the Crane.”
A. Antione Denis Raudot example of early 18th century ceremony
B. Summary of function of Midéwiwin religious cosmology
A. Algonkian resistance before collape of Huronia
B. Saulteur-Ojibwa concepts of religious power, disease and cure
A. Origin of Anishinabeg and Midéwiwin
B. Midéwiwin as anti-Christian
C. Midéwiwin as Migration Myth
A. Location of Origin of Midéwiwn
B. Concept of Change Part of History of the Midé
A. La Pointe (Madeline Island), circa 1780
B. Changing Concepts of Good and Evil
C. The Wabeno: Religious/Cultural Change and Anglo-American Encroachment
Midéwiwin
Midewigan
Jessakid
Dzhe Manido - Great Manitou (Hoffman) = Gichi-manidoo - "Big/Great Connective-Spirit" ("Gchi-mnidoo" - Michigan and eastward), or Gizhe-manidoo - "Merciful Connective-Spirit" ("Gzhe-mnidoo" - Michigan and westward)
Minabozho (Great Rabbit, agent of Dzhe Manido, in Hoffman) = Ojibwe term is either Wenabozho ("Winneboujou" or Nenabozho ("Nanabush")
medicine bags - "things to carry things in" ("penjigossan" [biinjigosan])
birch bark Midé scrolls
Sources:
W. E. Hoffman
Skwekomik - one of Hoffman's "informants"
J. G. Kohl - German traveller/ethnologist conducting interviews among Anishinabeg in 1850s.
Peter Jones - Ojibwa (Anishinabeg), converted and became a Protestant minister. Reverend Jones published The History of the Ojibway in 1861.
William Warren - another converted Ojibwa (Anishinabeg) who became a Protestant and Wisconsin state legislator. He wrote History of the Ojibways Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements, published in 1885. He began collecting oral history in the 1840s.
Red Sky - Midé "priest" who provided birch bark Midé scrolls and information about them to the Glenbow Museum, Alberta, Canada, in 1969.
Places:
Lake Superior:
Sault Ste. Marie (Boweting)
Keewenaw Bay
Chequemegon Bay (Madeline Island, La Pointe)
Fond du Lac
Leech Lake
A. Blackfoot example
Algonkian, early plains hunters, simpler social structure.
B. Cheyenne Example
Algonkian. Complex migration history from Great Lakes. More complex structure developed as a result.
C. Pawnee Example
Among the earliest of Plains peoples - originated among peoples identified by earth-lodges dug partially below the surface of the plains. Farmers in settled villages, Caddoan speakers.
D. Comanche Example
Shoshonean-speaking, displaced by Crow and Blackfoot transition to nomadic life on Plains. Consummate nomadic tribe. Important role in speading horse culture and in shaping Spanish provinces of NM and TX.
Creation Myth (Walker)
How are the spirits created?
How do they relate to one another and to Skan?
How do the Lakota (people) fit in creation?
How do the Lakota know how to behave?
Resource: Plains "Ledger" Art (drawings)
Early traditions: hide paintings and rock art (pictographs).
Development of Ledger drawing:warrior exploits & storytelling
Fort Marion period & Carlisle Indian SchoolLedger art on the reservation.
IV. Connecting History & Cosmology: A Cheyenne Example
A. Cheyenne History (Summary)
B. Objects in a Religious ContextC. Lakota Sun Dance
Walter Bone Shirt, Black Hawk
Cheyenne, Arapaho, Atsina (Gros Ventres), Blackfoot [Bands: Northern and Southern Piegan/Pikuni, Siksika, Blood].
Nomadic: Dakota/Santee, Lakota/Teton, Nakota/Yankton (Sioux), Crow, Assiniboine
Semi-nomadic: Mandan, Hidatsa, Iowa, Winnebago, Otoe, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw
Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita, Hasanai
Comanche, Shoshone, Ute
Kiowa
Cheyenne cosmology from Yellow Nose Shield:
Otatavoom - Blue Sky-Space, very sacred region from which eminates the cosmic power (exastoz) of the Supreme Being (Maíheoío) that permeates and maintains the world.
maheonevekseo - Cheyenne holy birds in the Otatavoom.
Bird in center of shield is bald eagle - either the Thunderbird (Nonomavecess) or the Bird Father (Maheonevecess). Strikes down from highest region of universe to bring the spiritual/male energy to the surface of the fertile soil. Extended wings of the bird look like the Blue Sky Space.
Setovoom - Nearer Sky-Space,
the region just below the Sky Blue-Space. Here the Great Birds (maxevekseo)
live, predatory birds like eagles and hawks. The smaller birds in the shield
are Swallow-tailed Kites, with an identifying black and white pattern on their
body and light colored head.
A. History from a Lakota-centered point of view.
B. Seven council fires and the seven Lakota rites.
C. The Lakota Sun Dance.
1. Multicentered concept of the "nation"
2. Ritual and symbolism.
3. Transformational power.
A. Wovoka and the Ghost Dance movement.
B. Mooney's view and contemporary observations.
C. Elements of continuity.
Terms:
The seven Lakota rites:
Gift of the Sacred Pipe
Inipi - Rite of purification
Hunkapi - Making of relatives
(courtship, marriage, alliance, childbearing/adoption/torture)
Hanblecheyapi - Crying for a vision
Keeping and releasing of the soul
Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan - Preparing girl for womanhood
Iwanyag Wachipi - Sun Dance [Mandan = Okipita]
tiyospayé = related family households (Lakota)
Wovoka (Jack Wilson), Paiute
Ghost Dance
James Mooney - anthropologist working for the Bureau of American Ethnology.
Black Elk - Lakota holy man who witnessed Wounded Knee massacre as a child.
Alice Fletcher - anthropologist
Mary Collins - Protestant missionary at Pine Ridge agency
Ledger Drawing Artist;
Amos Bad Heart Bull - Lakota (1869-1913), drawings published in 1967 and drawing book buried with his sister.
Black Hawk - Lakota, book of drawings done in the winter of 1881-82 at the Cheyenne River Reservation.
Walter Bone Shirt - Lakota, book of drawings done in 1880s.
- A. Pre-Contact Native California
±300AD - 1769 (Spanish intrusion)
B. 1769-1848 Spanish & Mexican colonization
Bourbon Settlement in Action
C. Franciscan Missions and Native Californians
D. 1848 - The American Wave
A. Northern CA: Yurok, Karok, & Miwok areas
1. Concept of Power
2. Cosmological view of world
3. World Renewal ceremony
4. Integration in Inland Whale
B. Southern California: Luiseño, Diegueño, Cahuilla, Cupeño
1. Historical overview
2. San Diego Tribes in the 21st Century
3. The Tribal Digital Village project
José de Galvez - Commandant of the Provincias Internas
Junipero Serra - Franciscan architect of Alta Califonia Mission system
Gáspar de Portolá - first Governor of Alta California
presidio - Spanish millitary garrison
Governor Juan B. Alvarado (1836-42)
Governor Manuel Mecheltorena (1842-45)
Governor Pio Pico (1845-46)
1790 - 7,711 mission “converts,” 11 missions.
1800 - 13,628 Indians in 18 missions.
1820 - 21,063 converts in 20 missions.
Decline in late 1820s to
1834 - 15,225 Indians in 21 missions.
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wickiup - brush structure or hut
Toloache - Jimson weed
Kiwesona - "that which exists"
Pikiavish - world renewal ceremony
prehuman spirit race:
Wogè = Yurok;
Kihunnai = Hupa:
Ikhareya = Karok
Pauma, Rincon, La Jolla, (Pala)
Kumeyaay (Diegueño):
Tiipai:
Barona, Inaja-Cosmit, Capitan Grande, Viejas, Sycuan, Cuyapaipe, La Posta, Jamul, Manzanita, Campo, (San Pasqual)Iipai:
Santa Ysabel, Mesa Grande
Cahuilla:
Los Coyotes
Cupeño:
Pala
A. Potent Symbols of the Past, the Lakota Sun Dance and Ghost Dance revived.
B. "We Dance to Change Ourselves..."
Terms:
historical revision, reversal/inversion, satire, deconstructing stereotypes
hegemony
multicentered
Individual
Tribe
Native American Indian TribalIndian within the nation
Pan-Indian IntertribalIndian nation
Supra-Indian Multi-tribalIndian nations
AIM - American Indian Movement, organized the occupation of Alcatraz (1969), takeover of the BIA building in Washington D.C., Wounded Knee II, and other public expressions of opposition to US Indian policy and general racism and discrimination.
Wounded Knee II (1973) - occupation by AIM of site of 1890 massacre related to the supression of the Ghost Dance.
Mary Crow Dog - Native American activist participant at Wounded Knee II (1973)
Leonard Crow Dog - "Medicine Man" at Wounded Knee II, led Ghost Dance revival
Russell Means - one of the founders and chief spokesmen of AIM
Vine Deloria, Jr.- Lakota legal, historical scholar and philosopher