Click on week # to jump to outline: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10


 

Outline for Week 1 Class Sessions:

I. Southwestern Prehistory

A. Hohokam Culture
B. Mogollon Culture
C. Anasazi Culture

II. Relocation and Cultural Mix: Pueblo IV

A. Puyé - Santa Clara example
B. Athabaskan arrivals (Apache, Navajo)

Terms:

Kachina (Katsina)
Kiva

Language groupings:

Uto-Aztecan
Kiowa-Tanoan:

Tewa
Tiwa
Towa

Keres

Zuni (Ashiwi)

Shoshonean (Hopi)

Ancestral peoples:

Hohokam

Anasazi

Mogollon (Mimbres)

Ancestral places:

Mesa Verde Cañon de Chelly

Chaco Canyon:

Pueblo Bonito

Puye (ancestral place of Santa Clara Pueblo)

Sipapu

 

III. Mythic relationships Between Prehistory and Historic Pueblo Culture

1. Mimbres pottery imagery

2. Connection to oral history and stories of Pueblos

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Outline for Week 2 Class Sessions:

 

I. Pueblo World View - revisited

A. Acoma Origin Myth: interpretations

B. Understanding Pueblo acculturation

 

II. Spanish exploration and Conquest

1. Previous Entradas and Violence

2. Conquest - Don Juan de Oñate (1598)

Terms:

matirilocal (decent system)
patrilocal decent
bilateral decent
moiety
clan

assimilation
acculturation

compartmentalization

Vasquez de Coronado - first entrada (1540)

Don Juan Oñate - colonization (1598)

Vicente de Zalívar - Acoma rebellion

III. The Pueblo World to the Revolt of 1680

A. Franciscan Missionary Program in the Pueblos

B. Supression of Pueblo government & religion

C. Franciscan struggle with Governors 1640-1660s

D. Pueblo religious revival

E. The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

F. Reconquest, Co-existence, and Reversal

1. Role of missions after reconquest

2. Late colonial Spanish growth & changing relations

Terms:

Fray Alonso de Benevides

Encomienda
Repartimiento


Governor Francisco de Trevino

Popé

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Governor Diego de Vargas

Reconquest (1692-94)

Comanche Peace and Alliance (1786)

repartimiento de effectos (forced distribution of goods on credit)

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Outline for Week 3 Class Sessions:

 

III. Navaho History and Creation

IV. Discussion #1 (in-class, midterm preparation)

 

Terms:

Hozho = Overarching principle of harmony and order.

K'e (prefix in spoken Navajo = universal harmony)

Diné:

1) diyin kine'i = supernaturals, holy people;

2) nihokaa dine'e = earth surface people, naturals.

Ana'i = non-Navajo. Various kinds of non-Navajo.

 

Navajo Creation Myth:

Nílch'i dine'é = Air-Spirit People

Swallow People / Yellow Grasshopper People

Kiis'áanii = People Who Live in Upright Houses

Haashich'ééh dine'é = Holy People

Talking God

Áltsé hastiin = First Man / Áltsé asdz´q´q = First Woman

Bilagáana = White Man

The Long Walk (1865)

Bosque Redondo (1865-1868)

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Population of Navajo and Hopi Peoples, 1850s - 1990

Date

Navajo

Hopi

1855

7,500

1860: 2,500

1869

7,151

1875

11,768

1885

21,003

1895

20,500

1905

26,390

1900: 2,100

1922

30,052

1931

41,281

1940: 3,444

1947

56,000

1950: 4,000

1958

85,000

1964: 4,500

1970

150,000

4,857

1975

151,354

1980

158,633

est. 8,930

1990

269,202

7,061

2000

269,202

6,946

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Outline for Week 5 Class Sessions:

I. Introduction to Part II

A. Case study of Ojibwa cultural formation and development of Midéwiwin

B. Apply to critique of Calvin Martin, Keepers of the Game in class discussion on Tuesday, February 14.

II. Early French-Indian Contact and Huron Trade Network

A. Beginning of First French Trade Empire

B. Jesuit Missions Among the Huron

C. Great Lakes religious concepts

III. Jesuits, Iroquois, Huronia, and the Algonkian Survivors: A World Collapses

A. Collapse of Huronia

B. Interpreting the Iroquois wars

C. Iroquois Covenant of Peace

IV. Wars of the Iroquois and Algonkian Dispersal

A. Huron and Algonkian refugees & resistance to Catholicism

B. New inter-band contacts

V. Feast of the Dead and Algonkian Cultural Amalgamation

A. Ritual and actual kinship

B. Forging a new tribal people

 

TERMS

Jacques Cartier

Samuel de Champlain

Woodlands/Great Lakes Peoples:

Algonkian (Great Lakes region): Ottawa, Potawatami, Menomenee, Sac and Fox, Kickapoo, Nipissing, Illinois, Maimi, and Anishinabeg: Ojibwe/Chippewa, Omisizaagiing (Mississaugas), Nakawe (Saulteaux), Odaawaa (Odawa/Ottawa),  Boodewaadamii (Bodéwadmi/Potawatomi) and Odishkwaagamii (Nipissing and Algonquin).

Iroquoian: 5 later 6 Nations: Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Mowhawk, and Oneida, later added Tuscarora.

Siouan: Winnebago, perhaps early eastern groups as well.

Deganawidah

Manitou

Midéwiwin - Midé

Saulteur Feast of the Dead

Ethnogenesis

Early names:

Noquet, Outchibous, Marameg, Achiligouians, Amicoures, Mississague

Clan names:

 Warren

 Dablon

Modern clan name

No-kay  Noquet

Bear
Man-um-aig  Marameg

Catfish
Amik  Amicoures

Beaver
 Meg-izzee  Mississague*

Eagle
 Bus-in-as-se  Bus-wa-way

echo of the Crane

* Omisizaagiing (Mississaugas), "Those at the Grand-/Great-Outlet",
linked historically to the Eagle Clan. 

Achiligouians = Huron

Uj-e-jauk = Ajijaak = Crane

Warren says "Uj-e-jauk" is a phonetic spelling of Ojibwe, and elsewhere he referred Ojibwe to as “Bus-in-as-see, “derived from “Bus-wa-way,” or “echo pertaining to the loud, clear, and far-reaching cry of the Crane.”

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Outline for Week 5-6 Class Sessions:

I. 18th Century Emergence of the Midéwiwin

A. Antione Denis Raudot example of early 18th century ceremony

B. Summary of function of Midéwiwin religious cosmology

II. Revivalism and Resistance Among the Huron-Algonkians

A. Algonkian resistance before collape of Huronia

B. Saulteur-Ojibwa concepts of religious power, disease and cure

III. Midéwiwin and the Reorganization of Ojibwa Religion

A. Origin of Anishinabeg and Midéwiwin

B. Midéwiwin as anti-Christian

C. Midéwiwin as Migration Myth

IV. Midé Religion as History

A. Location of Origin of Midéwiwn

B. Concept of Change Part of History of the Midé

V. 19th Century Midéwiwn Change

A. La Pointe (Madeline Island), circa 1780

B. Changing Concepts of Good and Evil

C. The Wabeno: Religious/Cultural Change and Anglo-American Encroachment

 

TERMS

Midéwiwin

Midewigan

Jessakid

Dzhe Manido - Great Manitou (Hoffman) = Gichi-manidoo - "Big/Great Connective-Spirit" ("Gchi-mnidoo" - Michigan and eastward), or Gizhe-manidoo - "Merciful Connective-Spirit" ("Gzhe-mnidoo" - Michigan and westward)

Minabozho (Great Rabbit, agent of Dzhe Manido, in Hoffman) = Ojibwe term is either Wenabozho ("Winneboujou" or Nenabozho ("Nanabush")

medicine bags - "things to carry things in" ("penjigossan" [biinjigosan])

birch bark Midé scrolls

Wabeno

Sources:

W. E. Hoffman

Skwekomik - one of Hoffman's "informants"

J. G. Kohl - German traveller/ethnologist conducting interviews among Anishinabeg in 1850s.

Peter Jones - Ojibwa (Anishinabeg), converted and became a Protestant minister. Reverend Jones published The History of the Ojibway in 1861.

William Warren - another converted Ojibwa (Anishinabeg) who became a Protestant and Wisconsin state legislator. He wrote History of the Ojibways Based Upon Traditions and Oral Statements, published in 1885. He began collecting oral history in the 1840s.

Red Sky - Midé "priest" who provided birch bark Midé scrolls and information about them to the Glenbow Museum, Alberta, Canada, in 1969.

Places:

Lake Superior:

Sault Ste. Marie (Boweting)

Keewenaw Bay

Chequemegon Bay (Madeline Island, La Pointe)

Fond du Lac

Leech Lake

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Outline for Week 6-7 Class Sessions:

I. Causes of Social & Cultural Evolution

A. Blackfoot example

Algonkian, early plains hunters, simpler social structure.

B. Cheyenne Example

Algonkian. Complex migration history from Great Lakes. More complex structure developed as a result.

C. Pawnee Example

Among the earliest of Plains peoples - originated among peoples identified by earth-lodges dug partially below the surface of the plains. Farmers in settled villages, Caddoan speakers.

D. Comanche Example

Shoshonean-speaking, displaced by Crow and Blackfoot transition to nomadic life on Plains. Consummate nomadic tribe. Important role in speading horse culture and in shaping Spanish provinces of NM and TX.

II. Lakota Ritual and World View

Creation Myth (Walker)

How are the spirits created?
How do they relate to one another and to Skan?
How do the Lakota (people) fit in creation?
How do the Lakota know how to behave?

III. Plains Indian Visual Histories

Resource: Plains "Ledger" Art (drawings)

Early traditions: hide paintings and rock art (pictographs).
Development of Ledger drawing:

warrior exploits & storytelling
Fort Marion period & Carlisle Indian School

Ledger art on the reservation.

IV. Connecting History & Cosmology: A Cheyenne Example

A. Cheyenne History (Summary)
B. Objects in a Religious Context

The Yellow Nose (Broadhead) Shield

C. Lakota Sun Dance

Walter Bone Shirt, Black Hawk

 

TERMS:

Algonkian:

Cheyenne, Arapaho, Atsina (Gros Ventres), Blackfoot [Bands: Northern and Southern Piegan/Pikuni, Siksika, Blood].

Siouan:

Nomadic: Dakota/Santee, Lakota/Teton, Nakota/Yankton (Sioux), Crow, Assiniboine

Semi-nomadic: Mandan, Hidatsa, Iowa, Winnebago, Otoe, Kansa, Omaha, Ponca, Osage, Quapaw

Coddoan:

Pawnee, Arikara, Wichita, Hasanai

Uto Aztecan:

Comanche, Shoshone, Ute

Tanoan/Tonkawan:

Kiowa

 

Lakota Myth:

 

Cheyenne cosmology from Yellow Nose Shield:

Otatavoom - Blue Sky-Space, very sacred region from which eminates the cosmic power (exastoz) of the Supreme Being (Maíheoío) that permeates and maintains the world.

maheonevekseo - Cheyenne holy birds in the Otatavoom.

Bird in center of shield is bald eagle - either the Thunderbird (Nonomavecess) or the Bird Father (Maheonevecess). Strikes down from highest region of universe to bring the spiritual/male energy to the surface of the fertile soil. Extended wings of the bird look like the Blue Sky Space.

Setovoom - Nearer Sky-Space, the region just below the Sky Blue-Space. Here the Great Birds (maxevekseo) live, predatory birds like eagles and hawks. The smaller birds in the shield are Swallow-tailed Kites, with an identifying black and white pattern on their body and light colored head.

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Outline for Week 7-8 Class Sessions:

Assignment: See the assignment posted on the ETHN110 online syllabus. Please read the item assigned for your group and at least 1 other item on the syllabus for May 20.

I. Lakota Ritual and World View II.

A. History from a Lakota-centered point of view.

B. Seven council fires and the seven Lakota rites.

C. The Lakota Sun Dance.

1. Multicentered concept of the "nation"

2. Ritual and symbolism.

3. Transformational power.

II. The Ghost Dance: Continuity or Revival?

A. Wovoka and the Ghost Dance movement.

B. Mooney's view and contemporary observations.

C. Elements of continuity.


Terms:

The seven Lakota rites:

Gift of the Sacred Pipe

Inipi - Rite of purification

Hunkapi - Making of relatives

(courtship, marriage, alliance, childbearing/adoption/torture)

Hanblecheyapi - Crying for a vision

Keeping and releasing of the soul

Ishna Ta Awi Cha Lowan - Preparing girl for womanhood

Iwanyag Wachipi - Sun Dance [Mandan = Okipita]

tiyospayé = related family households (Lakota)

Wovoka (Jack Wilson), Paiute

Ghost Dance

James Mooney - anthropologist working for the Bureau of American Ethnology.

Black Elk - Lakota holy man who witnessed Wounded Knee massacre as a child.

Alice Fletcher - anthropologist

Mary Collins - Protestant missionary at Pine Ridge agency

Ledger Drawing Artist;

Amos Bad Heart Bull - Lakota (1869-1913), drawings published in 1967 and drawing book buried with his sister.

Black Hawk - Lakota, book of drawings done in the winter of 1881-82 at the Cheyenne River Reservation.

Walter Bone Shirt - Lakota, book of drawings done in 1880s.

 

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Outline for Week 8 & 9 Class Sessions:

I. Native Californian Historical periods:

A. Pre-Contact Native California
±300AD - 1769 (Spanish intrusion)

B. 1769-1848 Spanish & Mexican colonization
Bourbon Settlement in Action

C. Franciscan Missions and Native Californians

D. 1848 - The American Wave

II. Regional Specialization in California

A. Northern CA: Yurok, Karok, & Miwok areas

1. Concept of Power

2. Cosmological view of world

3. World Renewal ceremony

4. Integration in Inland Whale

B. Southern California: Luiseño, Diegueño, Cahuilla, Cupeño

1. Historical overview

2. San Diego Tribes in the 21st Century

3. The Tribal Digital Village project

 

Terms:

José de Galvez - Commandant of the Provincias Internas

Junipero Serra - Franciscan architect of Alta Califonia Mission system

Gáspar de Portolá - first Governor of Alta California

presidio - Spanish millitary garrison

Governor Juan B. Alvarado (1836-42)

Governor Manuel Mecheltorena (1842-45)

Governor Pio Pico (1845-46)

Up

-------------------------

1790 - 7,711 mission “converts,” 11 missions.
1800 - 13,628 Indians in 18 missions.
1820 - 21,063 converts in 20 missions.
Decline in late 1820s to
1834 - 15,225 Indians in 21 missions.

Up

-------------------------

wickiup - brush structure or hut

Toloache - Jimson weed

Kiwesona - "that which exists"

Pikiavish - world renewal ceremony

prehuman spirit race:

Wogè = Yurok;

Kihunnai = Hupa:

Ikhareya = Karok

Up

---------------------------

San Diego County Reservations

Luiseño:

Pauma, Rincon, La Jolla, (Pala)

Kumeyaay (Diegueño):

Tiipai:

Barona, Inaja-Cosmit, Capitan Grande, Viejas, Sycuan, Cuyapaipe, La Posta, Jamul, Manzanita, Campo, (San Pasqual)

Iipai:

Santa Ysabel, Mesa Grande

Cahuilla:

Los Coyotes

Cupeño:

Pala

Tribal Digital Village - collaborative technology, education, culture project between Southern California Tribal Chairman Association and Hewlett-Packard

Up

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Outline for Week 10 Class Sessions:

I. Turning the Tables in the 20th Century and Beyond


II. Multicentered meanings and the "Red Power" revival.

A. Potent Symbols of the Past, the Lakota Sun Dance and Ghost Dance revived.

B. "We Dance to Change Ourselves..."

 

Terms:

historical revision, reversal/inversion, satire, deconstructing stereotypes

hegemony

multicentered

Individual

 Tribe

Native American

Indian
Tribal

Indian within the nation

Pan-Indian
Intertribal

Indian nation

Supra-Indian
Multi-tribal

Indian nations

AIM - American Indian Movement, organized the occupation of Alcatraz (1969), takeover of the BIA building in Washington D.C., Wounded Knee II, and other public expressions of opposition to US Indian policy and general racism and discrimination.

Wounded Knee II (1973) - occupation by AIM of site of 1890 massacre related to the supression of the Ghost Dance.

Mary Crow Dog - Native American activist participant at Wounded Knee II (1973)

Leonard Crow Dog - "Medicine Man" at Wounded Knee II, led Ghost Dance revival
Russell Means - one of the founders and chief spokesmen of AIM

Vine Deloria, Jr.- Lakota legal, historical scholar and philosopher

 

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© 2008, Ross Frank