### Reminders - We will have a take-home final instead of a classroom exam - All grades are final seven days after release - All more recent grades are final at the start of the exam - Double-check everything this weekend! - Clicker scores are being sorted now --- ## Get SET! - Please complete your evaluations of this course! - This is enormously helpful for us (and future students) - We especially appreciate detailed and specific feedback - Responses are due **Saturday, June 8 before 8AM**. - [https://teach.ucmerced.edu/SATAL_Video](https://teach.ucmerced.edu/SATAL_Video) --- # Linguistics 101: An Introduction to Language ### Nina Hagen Kaldhol --- ### Today's Plan - Another attempt at wrapping up Pragmatics - Your Linguistic Future - A Life in Language - Final Exam Review --- # Pragmatics --- # One final topic: Presuppositions --- ## Presupposition Those things which are *implicitly assumed* about the discourse, participants, and world more generally --- ### Presupposition Examples - "Were you there when Nina made that bad joke?" - Presupposes that Nina made a bad joke - "Did you meet the happy linguistics majors?" - Presupposes that happy linguistics majors exist - (Of course they do!) - "If Chancellor Cookie Monster hadn't sent a militarized police force after his students, he would have kept his job." - If you try to deny the presupposition, you're contradicting yourself! --- ### Weaponized Presuppositions - *Presuppositions can be made in bad faith, taking as presupposed things that aren't true or agreed upon* - "The strike at Meta University is illegal." - "Were you angry when you stole my cookies?" - "Have you stopped assigning evil homeworks?" - "Ugh, is your boyfriend being a jerk again?" - "You forgot to give your professors a gift for Teacher's Day" --- ### Entailment, implicature and presupposition (for 101) - Entailment is a logical relationship between sentences - Implicatures are drawn by listeners, and can be true or false - It stems from the cooperative principle, as well as conversational context - Presuppositions are assumptions made by speakers, and can be true or false - "Do you like [smalahove](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalahove)?" (A sheep's head, a Norwegian delicacy) - "I've never tried it before!" --- ### So, that's Pragmatics - The idea that the meaning of some things is inseparable from the discourse context - ... and the final of the major subfields we're going to terribly, TERRIBLY under-describe --- <img class="r-stretch" src="ling_memes/ignoring_pragmatics.jpg"> --- # The Linguistic Subfields --- ### We've now talked about the "major subfields" of Linguistics - Phonetics - Phonology - Morphology - Syntax - Semantics - Pragmatics --- ### Plus there are all the fields we haven't talked about yet... - Language Change/Historical Linguistics - Sociolinguistics - Psycholinguistics - Computational Linguistics - Neurolinguistics - Language Acquisition --- ### Every subfield interacts with every other subfield - These are not actually separate things, but a schema for representing knowledge in the field - We think about these as regions, but it's hard to draw exact lines - ... and the lines are different in each language --- ### You need to know all of them - Linguistics Grad School makes you do some work in every area - It is a poor linguist who knows only one subfield - This is an advantage to a LING major, rather than just taking one or two courses --- # You cannot run - You cannot hide - Phonetics will find you. - (So just learn the damned IPA) --- # Your Linguistic Future --- ### Admit it... - You want to Major or Minor in Linguistics - To find out more, contact <linginfo@ling.ucsd.edu> :) - <img class="r-stretch" src="img/plug.jpg"> --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/joinme.jpg"> --- ## Planning for your LING Major! --- ### Learn more about our majors [here](https://linguistics.ucsd.edu/undergrad/majors/index.html) - General Lingustics - "Which subfield do you like?" "Yes" - Speech and Language Sciences - This is how you can aim yourself towards Speech Pathology and Audiology - Cognition and Language - Focuses on language and the brain - Language and Society - Focuses on language and social issues - Language Studies - Focus on your language of choice --- ### Our classes are usually offered in the same quarters - **Fall:** 110 Phonetics - **Winter:** 111 Phonology, 121 Syntax, 112/113 Speech/Hearing Disorders - **Spring:** 120 Morphology, 130 Semantics, 160 Pragmatics --- ### There is one main sequence - Phonetics, then Phonology, then Morphology - Going out of order is a *bad* idea - The 120 instructor might let you, but you shouldn't do it unless you're ready to devote a lot of time to learning IPA and phonology --- ### We also have [a linguistics minor](https://linguistics.ucsd.edu/undergrad/majors/general-linguistics.html) - Take the six core linguistics classes - 101, Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics - Take Five Upper Division Linguistics Electives - Take one more class in another department that's language-related --- ### Contact <linginfo@ling.ucsd.edu> for more information about the major - Or for questions about the field, ask your Undergrad Faculty Advisor --- ### Many of you are already linguists and don't know it yet - Serial language learners - Language Analyzers - Easily distracted by odd language use - People fascinated by the differences and similarities among languages - *If any of those things sound like you, you might be a linguist* --- <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/languagefacts.jpg"> --- ### You know who else didn't know she was a linguist? <img class="r-stretch" src="Nina_images/BeingNorwegian.jpg"> --- ### My plan was to become an avantprogrock star <img class="r-stretch" src="Nina_images/progrock.jpg"> - Then I realized that this isn't a thing --- ### But I had always loved languages! - So, I took LING 101 - ...and I was hooked --- ### ... and I declared a Linguistics major - <img class="r-stretch" src="humorimg/more.jpg"> --- ### ... and then I took Phonetics - Then Phonology - Then Morphology - Then Syntax - Then Semantics - Then Pragmatics - Then some independent studies - This is an option at UCSD too! --- ### Then I realized I couldn't picture doing *anything* else with my life but keep going --- ### I completed a Master's Degree in Linguistics at the University of Oslo - More coursework - My first research project! - "The Oslo Dialect of Somali: Tonal adaptations of Norwegian loanwords" (MPhil thesis) - Multiple research assistantships on the side --- ### Then I started looking at PhD programs - ([This is not necessarily the right choice for many](http://wstyler.ucsd.edu/posts/linguist_jobs.html), but it was for me) - ... and applying for them - (OMG these application processes take forever) - I got in to UCSD, the perfect fit for me academically! --- ### Linguistics Grad School - Phonetics - Phonology - Morphology - Syntax - Semantics - Field Methods --- ### ... and whatever else sounded cool! - Speech production - Speech perception - Grammatical tone - Seminars are a thing! --- ### ... and I attended the LSA Summer Institute - Every two years ([It will be at the University of Oregon in Summer 2025!](https://www.linguisticsociety.org/meetings-institutes)) - Take courses from amazing professors in interesting topics --- ### You'll also be put to work - As a TA or Graduate Instructor - Working on or managing research projects - You'll write large papers, alongside your coursework --- ### Then, you'll write a dissertation! - A large research project where you need to advance the knowledge of the field (just a little!) - The title of mine is "Tonal Dimensions of Morphological Complexity" --- ### ... and then you'll get a Ph.D --- ## Linguistics Jobs --- ### Linguists have one big problem on the job market - *"Oh, you're a linguist? Cool! How many languages do you speak?!"* - Lots of folks need linguists, but very few people know that they do or what we do! - We're called "Ontologists", "Natural Language Specialists", "Customer Feedback Analyst", "Language specialist", "Translation Director" and many, many more - Here's [a page from the LSA about Linguistics Jobs](https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/linguistics-profession) --- ### What else do linguists do? - Check out the [Linguistics Career Launch YouTube Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNJRxM5T1SAtgT6Bhcext2Q) --- ### Linguists often make great data scientists - Industry loves Linguists, as we're great at patterns - Linguists have experience with language data, not just numbers - This is where [the CSS program](https://css.ucsd.edu/) can help! --- ### Industry loves computational linguists - Text to Speech, Speech Recognition, NLP, and more! - Consider LIGN 6, 165, 167 for this - Google, Facebook, Apple, Amazon, and more hire and work with linguists! --- ### Teaching English as a second language - Everybody wants people to teach English as a Second Language - Have language, will travel? Have job! --- ### Speech Pathology and Audiology - Speech Pathologists help adults and children having issues with communication, speech, swallowing, and voice. - Audiologists help test, diagnose, and address many hearing disorders, and work with people to find treatments (e.g. hearing aids) which address their needs and desires. - Both are steady, well-paid, and in demand jobs! - For these careers, consider our [Speech and Language Sciences Major!](https://linguistics.ucsd.edu/undergrad/majors/speech-language/index.html) --- ### Academic Positions - PostDocs are increasingly common - Also administrative and lab-management positions - ... but lots of folks want to be a Tenure-Track Professor --- ### As a Professor... - You have job security (if you don't screw up!) - You'll do research - You'll teach - You'll do administrative stuff - You'll fight for grant money - ... but you'll do all of it in pursuit of a field you love --- ### There's one problem with planning to be a professor... --- ### The Linguistics Academic Job Market <img class="wide" src="humorimg/hell.jpg"> --- ### The Academic Job Market is tough - There will be 2-5 jobs per year in your subfield at well-known schools. Total. - Competition is fierce - Jobs have 100+ Applicants - ~10 get online interviews - 3-6 visit campus - 1 job! - You have to love teaching - Research-only jobs are very rare - "Wait your turn, you only need one job" - ... but boy, that sucks. --- ### It's not an easy path - You're going where the work is - I hope your people are mobile! - You need to be able to tread water for a few years - You're taking a vow of fiscal renunciation during Grad School - ... and you'll make more money in industry than as a professor --- ### Your life may not be like mine - You may choose industry over academia - You may choose to pursue Linguistics as a component of a different career elsewhere - You may combine your love of Language with your love of something else - You may even be able to convince yourself that you're not a linguist --- ### ... but it could be - Maybe you'll go down the rabbit hole - Maybe this class will do for you what 101 did for me - ... and you'll see the true beauty of language --- ## Let's try out a few Multiple Choice questions from previous exams! --- <section class="clicker"></section> You’re studying a language in which, to mark the past, you add *-u* to the verb stem. So, /ja jehatu/ means ‘I walked’, but /ja jehat/ means ‘I walk’. This is an example of... A) Derivational Morphology B) Inflectional Morphology C) Phonemic Analysis D) Grammatical Relations E) Metonymy --- You’re studying a language in which, to mark the past, you add *-u* to the verb stem. So, /ja jehatu/ means ‘I walked’, but /ja jehat/ means ‘I walk’. This is an example of... A) Derivational Morphology B) <correct> Inflectional Morphology </correct> C) Phonemic Analysis D) Grammatical Relations E) Metonymy --- <section class="clicker"></section> ### Which of the phrase structure rules would be needed to construct a tree for the noun-phrase “The needy cat”? A) Rules 1, 5 and 3 B) Rules 1 and 3 C) Rules 1, 4, and 3 D) Rules 1, 6, 4, and 3 E) Only Rule 1 is needed. --- ### Which of the phrase structure rules would be needed to construct a tree for the noun-phrase “The needy cat”? A) Rules 1, 5 and 3 B) Rules 1 and 3 C) <correct> Rules 1, 4, and 3 </correct> D) Rules 1, 6, 4, and 3 E) Only Rule 1 is needed. --- <section class="clicker"></section> In the sentence “Samira was glad that Fatima attended her wedding”, the word ‘that’ is a(n)... A) Complementizer B) Determiner C) Preposition D) Adjective E) Presupposition --- In the sentence “Samira was glad that Fatima attended her wedding”, the word ‘that’ is a(n)... A) <correct> Complementizer </correct> B) Determiner C) Preposition D) Adjective E) Presupposition --- <section class="clicker"></section> Which of the following is entailed by the sentence “Nina and Howard went to Julian for apple pie.” A) Nina went to Julian. B) Nina and Howard had pie. C) Julian sells apple pie. D) Nina and Howard drove to Julian for apple pie. E) Nina likes apple pie. --- Which of the following is entailed by the sentence “Nina and Howard went to Julian for apple pie.” A) <correct>Nina went to Julian.</correct> B) Nina and Howard had pie. C) Julian sells apple pie. D) Nina and Howard drove to Julian for apple pie. E) Nina likes apple pie. --- <section class="clicker"></section> You call your roommate to ask where you left the remote. They answer “Under the pillow on the couch in our apartment in La Jolla in California in the US in North America on Earth orbiting Sol in the Orion Spur of the Milky Way Galaxy in the Virgo Supercluster in the Universe”. Assuming the remote is actually under the pillow, this is most clearly a violation of Grice’s Maxim of... A) Quantity B) Quality C) Relevance D) Manner E) Pillows --- You call your roommate to ask where you left the remote. They answer “Under the pillow on the couch in our apartment in La Jolla in California in the US in North America on Earth orbiting Sol in the Orion Spur of the Milky Way Galaxy in the Virgo Supercluster in the Universe”. Assuming the remote is actually under the pillow, this is most clearly a violation of Grice’s Maxim of... A) <correct> Quantity </correct> B) Quality C) Relevance D) Manner E) Pillows --- <section class="clicker"></section> /ej/, /aj/, /ɔj/, and /ow/ are all examples of... A) High vowels B) Diphthongs C) Low vowels D) Monophthongs E) Vowel harmony --- /ej/, /aj/, /ɔj/, and /ow/ are all examples of... A) High vowels B) <correct> Diphthongs </correct> C) Low vowels D) Monophthongs E) Vowel harmony --- <section class="clicker"></section> Which of the following is not a natural class in which the sound /f/ belongs? A) Voiceless Sounds B) Fricatives C) Labiodental Sounds D) Approximants E) Consonants --- Which of the following is not a natural class in which the sound /f/ belongs? A) Voiceless Sounds B) Fricatives C) Labiodental Sounds D) <correct> Approximants </correct> E) Consonants --- <section class="clicker"></section> A skilled user of the IPA should be able to transcribe speech in any language, not just English. A) True B) False --- A skilled user of the IPA should be able to transcribe speech in any language, not just English. A) <correct> True </correct> B) False --- <section class="clicker"></section> The statement “Roger stopped drinking after his wife asked him to” entails the statement “Roger was an alcoholic”. A) True B) False --- The statement “Roger stopped drinking after his wife asked him to” entails the statement “Roger was an alcoholic”. A) True B) <correct> False </correct> --- ## Thank you all for a lovely quarter! - I wish you luck in your future endeavors - ... and hope you will see the beauty of language - Wherever you may go --- ### Get SET! - Please fill out your course evalutation forms! - This is enormously helpful for us (and future students) - We especially appreciate **detailed** and **specific** feedback - [https://teach.ucmerced.edu/SATAL_Video](https://teach.ucmerced.edu/SATAL_Video) --- <huge>Thank you!</huge>