Sounds you should fully know

Consonant sounds you should fully know

Know the name and symbol
Be able to perceive and (ideally by the end of the course) produce, except for differences among dental vs. alveolar vs. postalveolar non-fricatives.

Basic symbols are in bold. Symbols composed of other symbols are not.

As in the IPA chart, voiceless on the left, voiced on the right

bilabial

labiodental

dental

alveolar

(lamino-)

postalveolar

retroflex

(= apico-

postalveolar)

palatal

velar

uvular

pharyngeal

"epiglottal"

glottal

labial-velar

labial-palatal

plosive

(= oral stop)

p b

t̪ d̪

t d

t̠ d̠

ʈ ɖ

c ɟ

k ɡ

q ɢ

nasal

prenasalized

trill

tap

flap

lateral flap

fricative

ɸ β

f v

θ ð

s z

ʃ ʒ

ʂ ʐ

ç ʝ

x ɣ

χ ʁ

ħ ʕ

ʜ ʢ

h ɦ

affricate

lateral

fricative

ɬ̪ ɮ̪

ɬ ɮ

ɬ̠ ɮ̠

lateral

affricate

approximant

β̞

ɹ̪

ɹ̠

ʁ̞

lateral

approximant

l̪

l̠

click

(apico-alveolar or apico-postalveolar)

ǂ
[3]

lateral click

implosive

ɗ̪

ɗ̠

Plus sounds made with these diacritics

diacritic	meaning	how to use	examples
̼	linguo-labial	put it under an alveolar, dental (or, in your book, bilabial) symbol to make a linguo-labial	t̼ n̼
̥	voiceless	put it under a voiced symbol to make it voiceless	ʙ̥ m̥
̞	lowered	put it under a fricative symbol to make an approximant (has other uses too)	β̞
̝	raised	put it under an approximant symbol to make a fricative (has other uses too)	ɥ̝
ʰ	aspirated	put it after a voiceless symbol to make it aspirate	tʰ t͡ʃʰ
ʼ	ejective	put it after a voiceless stop, fricative, lateral fricative, affricate, or lateral affricate to make it ejective	tʼ sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ɬʼ

Consonant sounds you should partly know

Know the name and symbol
Don't have to be able to perceive or produce

alveolo-palatal fricatives and affricates

ɕ ʑ

t͡ɕ d͡ʑ

̟	advanced	put it under a dental symbol to make an inter-dental put it under a velar to make it a fronter velar (like in English key)	θ̟ k̟
̠	retracted	put it under an alveolar symbol to make it postalveolar put it under a velar to make it a backer velar (like in English caw)	t̠ k̠
̺	apical	put it under a dental or alveolar symbol to specify that it's apico-dental or apico-alveolar	t̺ t̪̺
̻	laminal	put it under a dental or alveolar symbol to specify that it's lamino-dental or lamino-alveolar	t̻ t̪̻

Consonant sounds you don't need to know

simultaneous ʃ and x

[1] In languages that have a sound like this, it seems to be a fricative rather than a voiceless approximant. So, that's how the symbol's defined.

[2] Note that these violate the definition of 'affricate' a little bit, since the stop portion and the fricative portion are not at exactly the same place of articulation.