Female transfer in primates: Table II

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TABLE II: Female Transfer in Less Well-Known Species
Most of these species have been studied only briefly or at only one site, and little has been published concerning their dispersal patterns. Much of what is known (sometimes based on anecdotes and inference) suggests that female transfer is relatively common. See text for discussion of criteria for inclusion in this table.

FT species
Cebus capucinus Two females (1 pregnant) left their troop, established their own territory and were joined by a third female from a different troop; male transfer routine (Oppenheimer 1968).
Cercopithecus campbelli Subadult males emigrate with SA/young adult females; not known if they join an existing group or not (Bourliere et al. 1970).
Pygathrix nemaeus Solitaries of both sexes seen, usually young. In captivity, adult males drove subadult females out of 3 out of 4 groups observed (Lippold 1977).
Presbytis entellus Occasional observation of female transfer (Makwana and Advani 1981, H. Loch, pers. comm.); demographic records indicate female transfer and group fusion (Mohnot et al. 1981, Hrdy and Moore, unpublished data from Mt. Abu).
P. cristata Several observed cases of female transfer; male transfer routine (K. Wolf, pers. comm., Wolf and Fleagle 1977).
P. melalophos A female with infant joined a habituated troop without noticeable resistance (E. Bennet, pers. comm.).
Colobus badius temmincki Regular female transfer (Starin 1981); not included in Table I only because of lack of detailed data.
Propithecus verreauxi Both males and females shifted troops in chain fashion following the death of one animal. Both sexes transfer (Jolly et al. 1982).
?T Species
Ateles belzebuth, paniscus By analogy with P. troglodytes, which are remarkably similar in most aspects of behavior and demography (Klein and Klein 1975, Wrangham and Smuts 1980); van Roosmalen (1984) discusses evidence for female transfer in A. paniscus.
Cebus apella Probable immigration of single adult female before individual recognition established; males transfer (5 transfers observed) (C. Janson, pers. comm.).
C. nigrivittatus Three out of about 50 + intergroup movements were by females; two were old and one moved following a male replacement (J. Robinson, pers. comm.).
Chiropotes satanas Group size and composition changes observed following overnight fusions; changes were primarily among females (M. G. M. van Roosmalen, pers. comm.).
Cercopithecus ascanius Possible temporary transfer of female and infant following an encounter (Rowell 1979). Solitary adult females reported (Haddow 1952). Male transfer routine and violent (Struhsaker 1977).
C. mitis Intragroup aggression preceded the disappearance of an AF and her infant; also, 2 AF disappeared simultaneously from the largest of 5 troops under study (Rudran 1978).
Cercocebus albigena One female and two male juvenile/subadults disappeared and were presumed dead, though they were not individually identifiable and there were few predators in the area (Chalmers 1968).
Papio ursinus Repeated observations of female transfer with no hostility at one site (Anderson 1981), possibly associated with reproductive failure in the original troop (C. Anderson, pers. comm.); see Anderson (1982).
P. papio Subgroups similar to P. hamadryas, with male herding and female transfer between subgroups in a zoo colony (Boese 1975); see also Dunbar and Nathan (1972).
Theropithecus gelada One observed transfer between units of the same band (Dunbar 1980); most male transfer is also within the band (R. Dunbar, pers. comm.).
Macaca arctoides Ready acceptance of strange females who were released near a commensal troop (Bertrand 1969).
Colobus guereza Adult male highly aggressive toward subadult female who became peripheral and then disappeared; presumed dead; male transfer routine (Dunbar and Dunbar 1976). 24 % of solitary C. abyssinicus ituricus were female (N=21) (Haddow 1952).

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	FT species
Cebus capucinus	Two females (1 pregnant) left their troop, established their own territory and were joined by a third female from a different troop; male transfer routine (Oppenheimer 1968).
Cercopithecus campbelli	Subadult males emigrate with SA/young adult females; not known if they join an existing group or not (Bourliere et al. 1970).
Pygathrix nemaeus	Solitaries of both sexes seen, usually young. In captivity, adult males drove subadult females out of 3 out of 4 groups observed (Lippold 1977).
Presbytis entellus	Occasional observation of female transfer (Makwana and Advani 1981, H. Loch, pers. comm.); demographic records indicate female transfer and group fusion (Mohnot et al. 1981, Hrdy and Moore, unpublished data from Mt. Abu).
P. cristata	Several observed cases of female transfer; male transfer routine (K. Wolf, pers. comm., Wolf and Fleagle 1977).
P. melalophos	A female with infant joined a habituated troop without noticeable resistance (E. Bennet, pers. comm.).
Colobus badius temmincki	Regular female transfer (Starin 1981); not included in Table I only because of lack of detailed data.
Propithecus verreauxi	Both males and females shifted troops in chain fashion following the death of one animal. Both sexes transfer (Jolly et al. 1982).
	?T Species
Ateles belzebuth, paniscus	By analogy with P. troglodytes, which are remarkably similar in most aspects of behavior and demography (Klein and Klein 1975, Wrangham and Smuts 1980); van Roosmalen (1984) discusses evidence for female transfer in A. paniscus.
Cebus apella	Probable immigration of single adult female before individual recognition established; males transfer (5 transfers observed) (C. Janson, pers. comm.).
C. nigrivittatus	Three out of about 50 + intergroup movements were by females; two were old and one moved following a male replacement (J. Robinson, pers. comm.).
Chiropotes satanas	Group size and composition changes observed following overnight fusions; changes were primarily among females (M. G. M. van Roosmalen, pers. comm.).
Cercopithecus ascanius	Possible temporary transfer of female and infant following an encounter (Rowell 1979). Solitary adult females reported (Haddow 1952). Male transfer routine and violent (Struhsaker 1977).
C. mitis	Intragroup aggression preceded the disappearance of an AF and her infant; also, 2 AF disappeared simultaneously from the largest of 5 troops under study (Rudran 1978).
Cercocebus albigena	One female and two male juvenile/subadults disappeared and were presumed dead, though they were not individually identifiable and there were few predators in the area (Chalmers 1968).
Papio ursinus	Repeated observations of female transfer with no hostility at one site (Anderson 1981), possibly associated with reproductive failure in the original troop (C. Anderson, pers. comm.); see Anderson (1982).
P. papio	Subgroups similar to P. hamadryas, with male herding and female transfer between subgroups in a zoo colony (Boese 1975); see also Dunbar and Nathan (1972).
Theropithecus gelada	One observed transfer between units of the same band (Dunbar 1980); most male transfer is also within the band (R. Dunbar, pers. comm.).
Macaca arctoides	Ready acceptance of strange females who were released near a commensal troop (Bertrand 1969).
Colobus guereza	Adult male highly aggressive toward subadult female who became peripheral and then disappeared; presumed dead; male transfer routine (Dunbar and Dunbar 1976). 24 % of solitary C. abyssinicus ituricus were female (N=21) (Haddow 1952).