TABLE I - Transfer Patterns in FT Species

Species	Adults per breeding group a	Natal emigration b	Natal or nonnatal c	Transitional period d	Ultimate fate of emigrants e	Aggression to maturing natal individuals f	Resistance to immigrants g	References
Pan troglodytes
F	7-25	r	N	Ab	J; return to natal	Rare but potentially serious (F)	H (F); males may protect	Wrangham (1975)*; Goodall (1977)
M	5-16	R	N(?)	R; S	?	V (M); peer rivals, coalitions important	?; males hostile to foreign males	Nishida (1979)*; Pusey (1980)*; additional refs ²h
Colobus badius tephrosceles
F	6-21	O/r	N	R/Ab	J	L	L	Struhsaker (1975)*
M	3-10	O/r	N(?)	r; S	J; some permanent solitary?	Y (M); mortality inferred, some/many expelled	H (M)	Struhsaker & Leland (1979)
Macaca radiata
F	4-18 (9.7)	O/r	?	R (?)	J	L	?	Simonds (1965)*; Sugiyama (1971)*;
M	1-11 (8)	O/r cohorts	?	R (?)	J; often cohort (?)	Y (M); subadult killed & wounds common	L	Wade (1979); Ali (1981)
Papio hamadryas
F	1-10 (1.9)	Clan: r; Band: O	B	Ab	J, F	L	V (F); Fs may promote entry	Kummer (1968)*; Kummer (pers. comm.)
M	1-2 (1 breed)	Clan: O, rarely permanent	Forms loose assoc. w/unit in same/diff. band; [cont -->]	eventual return & J/F in natal clan		?	F transfer assoc. w/M-M fighting	Sigg et al. (1982)
Gorilla gorilla beringei
F	2-10 (6.2)	r/A	B	Ab/R	J, F	Rare but potentially serious (F)	L	Schaller (1963)*; Harcourt et al. (1976);
M	1-4 (1.7)	r	N	r; S	F; return to natal	L but prevented from breeding	H; primarily by silverback	Harcourt (1978); Harcourt & Fossey (1981); Harcourt (pers. comm.)
Presbytis senex
F	1-7 (4.1 & 3.3)	O	N	r; G	J (some F?)	By new M after takeover	?	Rudran (1970, 1973)*
M	1 (rare 2)	r/A	N/B	r; G	R (some F?)	As above & poss. by "old" male	H (M); probable deaths	Manley (1978)
Presbytis johnii
F	1-5 (2.6)	O	N/B	r; S, G, or congeneric species	J (some F?)	L	L	McCann (1932); Poirier (1969)*
M	1 (rare 2)	r/A	N/B	r; G	R (some F?)	Probable but not observed	V (M); none in Poirier (1969)	Oates et al. (1980); Moore (pers. obs.)
Alouatta seniculus
F	1-5 (2.7)	r/O	N	r; S, G	J, F	V (F); may depend on troop size	H (F)	Rudran (1979)*; Gaulin & Gaulin (1982);
M	1-3 (1.7)	r/A	B	r; S, G	R, F	?	H (M); some deathsi	Sekulic (1982a, b)
Alouatta palliata
F	4-16 (6)	r	N	r; S	J, F	Y (F); contributes to emigration	H (F)	Chivers (1969)*; Glander (1975a, b, 1980);
M	2-6 (3.3)	r	N(?)	r; S	J, F, R	Y (M); may depend on group size & sex ratio	H (M & F)	Scott et al. (1978); Jones (1980)*; Estrada (1982)
Colobus badius rufomitratus
F	7-18 (9.6)	r (?)	B	R	J	L	L	Marsh (1979a*, b)
M	1-2 (1.5)	r/A	B	r; S or unstable G	R	Y (M)	V (M); from none to intense

NOTES
^aRange (mean); calculated from the reference marked with an asterisk. [eprint note: references are separated by sex only for format purposes; they are not sex-specific].
^bNatal emigration: A, all; r, routine; O, occasional; R, rare.
^cNatal or nonnatal: N, most emigration is natal; B, both natal and breeding emigration occurs (see Greenwood, 1980)
^dTransitional period: Ab, absent; R, rare; r, routine. If there is a transitional period, the emigrant may spend it as a solitary (S) or in a nonbreeding group (G).
^eFate of emigrants: J, join an existing group peacefully; F, form a new group; R, join an existing group by replacing a peer(s).
^fAggression to maturing individuals: L, little if any; Y, normally yes; V, variable; (M/F), the sex that is responsible for most of the aggression.
^gResistance to immigrants: L, little if any; H, high; V, variable; (M/F), the sex which resists
^hAdditional references: Bygott (1979); Goodall et al. (1979); Sugiyama & Koman (1979); Nishida (1981); Sugiyama (1981).
ⁱMale A. seniculus may accept or possibly encourage a second male if by doing so they can form a coalition that can resist takeover attempts by other males (Sekulic, personal communication, 1982c).