Human influence scale
(modified from Bishop et al. 1981)

• Home Range
  1. Undisturbed habitat - no human habitation (other than research camp) or economic activities; no livestock or dogs within 5km of group's range.
  2. Disturbed 1 - moderate exploitation of habitat (e.g., limited woodcutting, fodder cutting, some livestock present) immediately surrounding study area; edge effect
  3. Disturbed 2 - similar exploitation to Disturbed 1 but extends throughout study area
  4. Mosaic habitat - home range includes both human-made (i.e., fields, cleared areas) and Disturbed 1 or 2 habitat

• Harassment
  1. Undisturbed - contact between humans and apes rare (likely to see humans less than once/month)
  2. Contact - apes likely to see humans occasionally (e.g. about 1/week)
  3. Minimal harassment - apes are chased or harassed only when they enter fields to raid crops
  4. Occasion-specific harassment - apes are harassed when they steal food and when they enter areas of human habitation

• Hunted
  1. Never hunted as best as can be determined
  2. Rare or episodic hunting (includes revenge killings by local people unhappy about research or park policy; fewer than 5/decade)
  3. Hunting part of local tradition in or near study area

• Habituation
  1. Unafraid - apes show curiosity, not fear, when first contacted; appear never to have seen humans before
  2. Wild - apes flee when humans appear
  3. Semi-habituated - apes move away if humans actually approach
  4. Habituated - apes are accustomed to human presence, although they may not tolerate approach

• Predators
  1. Full complement of predators - large cats and other predators protected (or at near-natural populations)
  2. Partial complement of predators - predators are represented by a few individuals of some species, but number are diminished due to hunting or habitat destruction
  3. Impoverished complement - most major predators eliminated; village dogs may harass primates
  4. No predators - neither feral predators nor dogs present a threat to apes

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