Software Piracy

Addendum Written by Yvette Kelsey, Haines Middle School, St. Charles, Illinois
Original
Written by David M. Stone, University Laboratory High School, Urbana, IL


Introduction
Software piracy, the unauthorized copying of software, might be most tempting in a school environment where students are abundant and funding resources are scarce. However, this practice is both unethical and illegal. When piracy occurs, students are served with a dose of modeling of inappropriate behavior, as well as, lack of education on the proper use of software. Software ethics should be taught and reiterated to students at every applicable opportunity. 

This analysis will discuss key issues faced by software purchasers in the field of education. In addition, it will break down the main types of software licenses along with helpful hints of how to manage and request appropriate licensing for your school, classroom or home.

Issues
So many schools are facing the dilemma of too many students and not enough software to utilize. With much of a district's technology budget often going towards hardware purchases, appropriate software licensing is overlooked. Unfortunately, this dilemma does not excuse the need for proper licensing of software. What is not readily realized by most software users is that you will pay for it eventually. Industry-wide, software companies will most likely have to inflate prices to compensate for illegal users. Many companies have signed on with "software policing" associations that will investigates schools and businesses for illegal software replication and use. Fines can be as much as $150,000 per infringement, and not all of that may be absorbed by your district, some may be personal fees. 

Another issue facing educators is the need to have similar software on a home computer to use to be consistent with school machines. Although intentions here are usually good, often times this is illegal. Some software companies offer licensing that covers both home and office use from the same copy, but not all. 

Many times it is just a matter of lack of knowledge that leads teachers to illegally reproduce software. It is most effective to have one person in the building who is responsible for keeping licensing straight. A go-to person who can minimize confusion for a staff can make life easier on teachers and students who have little experience with licensing.

Minimizing Potential
With an issue as prevalent and as serious as this one, protecting yourself and your school should be paramount along with educating students on the proper software licensing procedures. By being vigilant, asking questions and maintaining an honest outlook, software piracy can be a non-issue. Here are some helpful hints for you to consider BEFORE INSTALLING ANY SOFTWARE.
  • Check with your building or district purchasing agent about the way the licensing works on certain programs. There are some kinds of educational software that do allow you to reproduce or use it at home, so check it out.
  • When in doubt, call the manufacturer. Gather any information you can about the program (purchase order, serial number, year of purchase) and call for rudimentary explanations about how you can use the license.
  • If you have the license, look for key words such as those below in the FAQ section below.
Legal Implications
The "Fair Use" of software has been quite a point of discussion over the past few years. Gross misrepresentations of fair use have made people believe that anything can be reproduced for educational use--UNTRUE! According to T.H.E. journal, there are four factors examined to see if fair use applies:
  • the purpose and character of the copying, including whether the use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes
  • the nature of the work being copied
  • the amount and substantiality of the portion that is copied in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
  • the effect of the copying upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is "softlifting"?

Softlifting is the illegal practice of taking one purchased piece of software and loading on to multiple machines or a home computer in addition to a work machine even when the license does not allow it.

Am I allowed to make a backup copy?

Typically a backup copy can be made for "archival purposes only" which means that you make that copy in case something happens to your original that is irreparable. It is NOT for loading software on additional machines. Most of the time, one license for one computer is a good rule of thumb, unless stated otherwise by the license.

What are the main types of software?

Public Domain software has absolutely no licensing attached to it. A user can copy, download, remove an author's name and distribute public domain software with no repercussions. 

Freeware software is free to the user to download as long as the instructions for reproduction are followed. Often times users are encouraged to distribute the software to others. 

Shareware software is free (usually with your registration) for a period of time. The distributor may setup the software to be rendered unusable after that time-period, with the trusting hope that crackers will not find a way around it. Most often, users have the option to purchase a license for the software after the free time period.

Commercial (propriety) software is distributed by a distributor for a fee with the goal of making a profit. Commercial software is less likely to allow reproduction. Most software used at companies and schools is commercial. 

Types of commercial licenses often purchased by schools:

  • A single-user license can be used on one computer only (sometimes called a limited license).
  • An unlimited site license allows you to load the software on any computer at that given site (school).
  • A network license allows you to place a copy of a piece of software on the server to be distributed to a set number of computers connected to that network server...sometimes an unlimited amount.

What questions should I ask before purchasing software licenses?

Are upgrades included? How often?
If upgrades are not included, how much are they?
What type of license is it?
How long is the license good for?
Does the software work on the operating systems you are purchasing for?
What type of tech. support do they offer?
Can teachers and/or students use this software at home?

Annotated Web Site Directory
Webopedia is an online reference that will allow you to look up computer terms that are unfamiliar to you. 
http://www.webopedia.com

Schools and Software Piracy by Matt Richtel is an article that takes a real look at a school confronted with software piracy and the disappointment it caused. Followed by a discussion of why schools should be able to afford software given special discounts. This argument is refuted and discussed. 
http://www.wired.com/news/topstories/0,1287,10654,00.html

SIIA Anti-Piracy FAQs present the answers to many more detailed questions.
http://www.spa.org/piracy/faq/default.asp

Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. Section 106) an explanation of copyright law and fair use as it relates to licensing.
http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#106

2 August 2002

Return to Addendum to Educator's Guide to Computer Crime and Technology Misuse
Developed 29 July 2002.