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TABLE I - Transfer Patterns in FT Species

SpeciesAdults per breeding group aNatal emigration bNatal or nonnatal cTransitional period dUltimate fate of emigrants eAggression to maturing natal individuals fResistance to immigrants gReferences
Pan troglodytes
F
7-25rNAbJ; return to natalRare but potentially serious (F)H (F); males may protectWrangham (1975)*; Goodall (1977)
M
5-16RN(?)R; S?V (M); peer rivals, coalitions important?; males hostile to foreign malesNishida (1979)*; Pusey (1980)*; additional refs ²h
Colobus badius tephrosceles
F
6-21O/rNR/AbJLLStruhsaker (1975)*
M
3-10O/rN(?)r; SJ; some permanent solitary?Y (M); mortality inferred, some/many expelledH (M)Struhsaker & Leland (1979)
Macaca radiata
F
4-18 (9.7)O/r?R (?)JL?Simonds (1965)*; Sugiyama (1971)*;
M
1-11 (8)O/r cohorts?R (?)J; often cohort (?)Y (M); subadult killed & wounds commonLWade (1979); Ali (1981)
Papio hamadryas
F
1-10 (1.9)Clan: r; Band: OBAbJ, FLV (F); Fs may promote entryKummer (1968)*; Kummer (pers. comm.)
M
1-2 (1 breed)Clan: O, rarely permanentForms loose assoc. w/unit in same/diff. band; [cont -->]eventual return & J/F in natal clan?F transfer assoc. w/M-M fightingSigg et al. (1982)
Gorilla gorilla beringei
F
2-10 (6.2)r/ABAb/RJ, FRare but potentially serious (F)LSchaller (1963)*; Harcourt et al. (1976);
M
1-4 (1.7)rNr; SF; return to natalL but prevented from breedingH; primarily by silverbackHarcourt (1978); Harcourt & Fossey (1981); Harcourt (pers. comm.)
Presbytis senex
F
1-7 (4.1 & 3.3)ONr; GJ (some F?)By new M after takeover?Rudran (1970, 1973)*
M
1 (rare 2)r/AN/Br; GR (some F?)As above & poss. by "old" maleH (M); probable deathsManley (1978)
Presbytis johnii
F
1-5 (2.6)ON/Br; S, G, or congeneric speciesJ (some F?)LLMcCann (1932); Poirier (1969)*
M
1 (rare 2)r/AN/Br; GR (some F?)Probable but not observedV (M); none in Poirier (1969)Oates et al. (1980); Moore (pers. obs.)
Alouatta seniculus
F
1-5 (2.7)r/ONr; S, GJ, FV (F); may depend on troop sizeH (F)Rudran (1979)*; Gaulin & Gaulin (1982);
M
1-3 (1.7)r/ABr; S, GR, F?H (M); some deathsiSekulic (1982a, b)
Alouatta palliata
F
4-16 (6)rNr; SJ, FY (F); contributes to emigrationH (F)Chivers (1969)*; Glander (1975a, b, 1980);
M
2-6 (3.3)rN(?)r; SJ, F, RY (M); may depend on group size & sex ratioH (M & F)Scott et al. (1978); Jones (1980)*; Estrada (1982)
Colobus badius rufomitratus
F
7-18 (9.6)r (?)BRJLLMarsh (1979a*, b)
M
1-2 (1.5)r/ABr; S or unstable GRY (M)V (M); from none to intense

NOTES
aRange (mean); calculated from the reference marked with an asterisk. [eprint note: references are separated by sex only for format purposes; they are not sex-specific].
bNatal emigration: A, all; r, routine; O, occasional; R, rare.
cNatal or nonnatal: N, most emigration is natal; B, both natal and breeding emigration occurs (see Greenwood, 1980)
dTransitional period: Ab, absent; R, rare; r, routine. If there is a transitional period, the emigrant may spend it as a solitary (S) or in a nonbreeding group (G).
eFate of emigrants: J, join an existing group peacefully; F, form a new group; R, join an existing group by replacing a peer(s).
fAggression to maturing individuals: L, little if any; Y, normally yes; V, variable; (M/F), the sex that is responsible for most of the aggression.
gResistance to immigrants: L, little if any; H, high; V, variable; (M/F), the sex which resists
hAdditional references: Bygott (1979); Goodall et al. (1979); Sugiyama & Koman (1979); Nishida (1981); Sugiyama (1981).
iMale A. seniculus may accept or possibly encourage a second male if by doing so they can form a coalition that can resist takeover attempts by other males (Sekulic, personal communication, 1982c).

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